光反应是指利用光能驱动的化学反应，相较于传统的反应模式，光反应具有反应条件温和、绿色、化学选择性高等优点，符合“绿色化学原则”。自本世纪以来，光催化得到显著的发展，但是依旧面临着一系列问题，如所需的金属配合物光催化剂或其他光催化剂设计复杂、成本高昂，甚至还需要高能光源（例如紫外）的照射。电荷转移复合物（CTC）参与的光反应因不需要光催化剂、反应温和等优点而得到越来越多的关注和发展。本文基于弱相互作用并围绕电荷转移复合物开展相关研究：（1）利用可见光诱导硫盐实现对烯烃的单电子还原；（2）利用可见光诱导三氘甲基鏻盐发展新的烯烃氘甲基化策略；（3）利用可见光诱导双功能氮杂环卡宾（NHC）实现C_aryl-O键裂解。研究内容分为以下三个部分：

1）我们基于烯酰胺与硫酚盐间的弱相互作用开发了一种新型光催化CTC策略，以硫酚盐为电子供体，TMEDA为质子穿梭催化剂，通过单电子还原策略实现活化和未活化烯烃的氢芳基化反应。该策略使N-芳基丙烯酰胺、N-甲基丙烯酰苯甲酰胺、N-烯基喹唑啉酮类化合物合成各种杂环分子成为可能。机理研究揭示了催化剂硫盐和烯烃之间形成的光活性CTC是反应成功的关键，通过DFT计算解释了N-苯基丙烯酰胺发生两分子聚合反应的反应机理。该方法的特点是操作简单、不使用光催化剂、酸和还原剂。

2）我们利用三氘甲基鏻盐与四甲基胍（TMG）通过弱相互作用形成光活性CTC，通过可见光诱导发生单电子转移（SET）产生三氘甲基自由基，然后依次经过自由基加成、分子内环化、单电子转移、去质子化过程构建出氘甲基类化合物。该方法的特点是对底物具有良好的普适性，其中包含大量天然产物和药物分子。

3）我们使用全新设计的新型双功能NHC实现了单电子还原二芳基醚的CTC光化学反应，该NHC可以通过与二芳基醚形成氢键来提高催化活性和选择性。机理实验证实了关键中间体NHC阴离子自由基的存在，同时也发现二芳基膦负离子和叔丁醇负离子在反应中均充当着电子供体的角色，并通过UV-vis实验和DFT计算佐证了新设计的双功能NHC与二芳基醚之间形成的氢键是形成光活性CTC的关键。值得注意的是，不对称的二芳基醚在该反应体系中拥有良好的反应选择性。该方法具有反应装置简单、高反应选择性等特点。

综上所述，本文基于分子间弱相互作用开展了以下研究：（1）可见光诱导硫盐单电子还原烯烃的反应及机理研究；（2）可见光诱导氘代甲基鏻盐制备氘代甲基化合物的反应及机理研究；（3）可见光诱导双功能NHC选择性单电子还原二芳基醚的反应及机理研究。这些研究符合“绿色化学”理念，具有反应条件温和、无过渡金属、无需光催化剂、底物普适性广、适合放大反应等优点。

Photoreactions refers to the chemical reaction driven by light energy. Compared with the traditional reaction modes, photoreactions have the advantages of mild reaction conditions, eco-friendly, high chemical selectivity and so on, which conforms to the "green chemistry principle". Since the beginning of this century, photocatalysis has developed significantly, but it still faces a series of problems, such as the required metal complex photocatalysts or other photocatalysts are complex in design, expensive, and even require high-energy light source (such as ultraviolet) irradiation. The photoreaction induced by charge transfer complex has attracted more and more attention due to its advantages such as no photocatalyst and mild reaction. Based on the weak interaction and the charge transfer  complex(CTC), the following studies were carried out: (1) the single electron reduction of olefin by sulfur induced by visible light; (2) A new deuterylation strategy of olefin was developed by inducting trideuteromethium phosphonium salts with visible light; (3) The cleavage of C_aryl-O bond was achieved by inducing bifunctional nitrogen heterocyclic carbene (NHC) with visible light. The research is divided into the following three parts:

1) Based on the weak interaction between enamide and thiophenol salts, we have developed a novel photocatalytic CTC strategy, which uses thiophenol salts as electron donors and TMEDA as proton shuttle catalysts to realize the hydrogen arylation of activated and unactivated olefins through a single-electron reduction strategy. This strategy enables the synthesis of various heterocyclic molecules from N-aryl acrylamide, N-methacryloylbenzamide, and N-enylquinazolinone. The mechanism study revealed that the photoactive CTC formed between the thiophenol salt and the olefin of the catalyst was the key to the success of the reaction, and the reaction mechanism of the two-molecule polymerization reaction of N-phenylacrylamide was explained by DFT calculation. The method is characterized by its simple operation and does not use photocatalysts, acids and reducing agents.

2) In this study, trideuterium methyl phosphonium salt and tetramethylguanidine (TMG) were used to form photoactive CTC, and trideuterium methyl radicals were produced by visible light-induced single electron transfer (SET), and then deuterium methyl compounds were constructed through free radical addition, intramolecular cyclization, single electron transfer, and deprotonation. The method is characterized by good generalizability to substrates, which contain a large number of natural products and drug molecules.

3) We have realized a CTC photochemical reaction of single-electron reduction of diaryl ether using a newly designed bifunctional NHC, which can improve catalytic activity and selectivity by forming hydrogen bonds with diaryl ether. Mechanistic experiments confirmed the existence of the key intermediate NHC anion radicals, and also found that both diarylphosphine anion and tert-butanol anion acted as electron donors in the reaction, and UV-vis experiments and DFT calculations proved that the hydrogen bond formed between the newly designed bifunctional NHC and diaryl ether was the key to the formation of photoactive CTC. It is worth noting that the asymmetric diaryl ether has good reactivity selectivity in this reaction system. This method has the characteristics of simple reaction device and high reaction selectivity.

In summary, the following studies are carried out based on the weak interaction between molecules: (1) the reaction and mechanism of visible light-induced reduction of olefins by sulfur salts with single electrons; (2) visible light-induced reaction and mechanism of deuterated methyl phosphonium salt to prepare deuterated methyl compounds; (3) visible light-induced reaction and mechanism of selective single-electron reduction of diaryl ether by bifunctional NHC. These studies are in line with the concept of "green chemistry", and have the advantages of mild reaction conditions, no transition metals, no need for photocatalysts, wide universality of substrates, and suitable for scale-up reactions.

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