采空区对地表高速公路稳定性构成严重威胁，易引发路基塌陷、失稳与次生地质灾害。为提高路基稳定性，降低填充成本，通过单因素试验和正交试验对比分析，最终确定工程实用配合比的玄武岩纤维-煅烧煤矸石-粉质黏土泡沫混凝土（BF-CCG-SCFC）作为采空区充填材料，对高速公路下伏采空区新型环保填充材料研发及提高采空区上方路基稳定性具有重要的应用价值与意义。以某高速公路下伏采空区为背景，通过室内试验、现场监测和数值模拟相结合的方法，研究了采空区填充材料、深度等因素对高速公路路基的影响规律。主要研究成果如下：

（1）通过单因素试验对BF-CCG-SCFC基体的抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、流动性进行测试，初步确定BF-CCG-SCFC基体的水胶比、煤矸石和黏土复掺比例以及玄武岩纤维掺量范围，并分析其立方体抗压应力应变曲线。结果表明，水胶比对泡沫混凝土的抗压和劈裂抗拉强度影响显著；黏土会降低抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度和流动性，而玄武岩纤维和煤矸石有助于提高抗压和劈裂抗拉强度，掺入玄武岩纤维可有效改善BF-CCG-SCFC基体的力学性能。综合考虑，各因素确定的配合比范围为：水胶比为0.45~0.55，煤矸石和黏土最佳复掺比例3：1~2：2，玄武岩纤维掺量1%~2%。

（2）基于单因素试验的配合比范围，通过正交试验的极差分析和方差分析，研究水胶比、煤矸石、黏土掺量以及玄武岩纤维掺量对BF-CCG-SCFC基体抗压强度、流动性、干湿循环强度系数、吸水率性能的影响。综合分析表明，水胶比对BF-CCG-SCFC性能影响最大，玄武岩纤维增韧效果一般，对各性能影响较小；煤矸石和黏土掺量对性能影响较大。经过分析，优选出的配合比方案为A₃B₄C₄D₂，即水胶比0.516，煤矸石掺量20%，黏土掺量20%，玄武岩纤维掺量1.33%。在此配合比下，BF-CCG-SCFC的综合性能达到最佳，能够满足采空区注浆的技术要求。

（3）扫描电镜结果表明，水胶比通过影响外加剂颗粒的非水化反应来改变基质强度。煅烧煤矸石和粉质黏土会导致“梯度水化效应”。玄武岩纤维分散于基质中可提供“锚固”效果。XRD分析显示，随着水胶比增加，BF-CCG-SCFC的Ca(OH)₂含量先升后降；煅烧煤矸石和粉质黏土复掺比例增大时，SiO₂衍射峰强度先增后降；玄武岩纤维掺量适当时，AFt衍射峰高度增加。图像分析法发现，水胶比为0.5时孔径分布均匀，水胶比过大或过小导致孔洞不规则。煅烧煤矸石颗粒能优化孔结构，而粉质黏土对气孔孔径有较大不利影响。玄武岩纤维可降低试样孔隙率，掺量过多时孔隙率会增大。

（4）数值模拟结果表明，将BF-CCG-SCFC充填体作为采空区填充材料，能显著控制地层变形，使路基保持高度稳定。采空区的埋深对路基的沉降和应力影响较大。当埋深超过35米时，采空区稳定性良好；而在15米至25米深度范围内，稳定性相对较差；埋深仅为15米时，采空区极不稳定，存在塌陷风险，此深度下的采空区会显著增大上方土体的竖向位移。

The air-mining area poses a serious threat to the stability of surface highway, and is prone to cause roadbed collapse, instability and secondary geological disasters. In order to improve the stability of the roadbed and reduce the filling cost, the basalt fiber-calcined coal gangue-powdery clay foam concrete (BF-CCG-SCFC) as the filling material of the hollow zone is finally determined to be the practical mix ratio of the project through the comparative analysis of the one-way test and the orthogonal test, which has an important application for the research and development of the new environmentally friendly filling material for the highway under the hollow zone and improvement of the stability of the roadbed above the hollow zone. Value and significance. With the background of a highway's under-vaulted mining hollow area, the influence law of the filling material and depth of the hollow area and other factors on the highway roadbed was investigated through the combination of indoor test, field monitoring and numerical simulation. The main research results are as follows:

(1) The compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and mobility of BF-CCG-SCFC matrix were tested by one-factor test, and the water-cement ratio, gangue and clay compounding ratio, and basalt fiber dosing range of BF-CCG-SCFC matrix were preliminarily determined, and the cubic compressive stress-strain curves were analyzed. The results show that the water-cement ratio has a significant effect on the compressive and splitting tensile strength of foam concrete; clay reduces the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and mobility, while basalt fibers and gangue help to improve the compressive and splitting tensile strength, and the admixture of basalt fibers can effectively improve the mechanical properties of BF-CCG-SCFC matrix. Considering all factors together, the range of mixing ratios determined by each factor is as follows: the water-cement ratio is 0.45-0.55, the optimum mixing ratio of gangue and clay is 3:1-2:2, and the mixing amount of basalt fiber is 1%-2%.

(2) Based on the range of mixing ratios of single-factor test, the effects of water cement ratio, gangue, clay dosing and basalt fiber dosing on the compressive strength, fluidity, dry and wet cycle strength coefficient and water absorption performance of BF-CCG-SCFC matrix were investigated through the polar analysis and ANOVA of orthogonal test. Comprehensive analysis shows that the water-cement ratio has the greatest impact on the performance of BF-CCG-SCFC, basalt fiber toughening effect is general, the impact on the performance of small; gangue and clay dosage has a greater impact on the performance. After analysis, the preferred mixing ratio scheme is A₃B₄C₄D₂, i.e., the water-cement ratio is 0.516, the gangue dosing is 20%, the clay dosing is 20%, and the basalt fiber dosing is 1.33%. Under this ratio, the comprehensive performance of BF-CCG-SCFC reaches the best, which can meet the technical requirements of grouting in the hollow area.

(3) Scanning electron microscope results show that the water-cement ratio changes the matrix strength by affecting the non-hydration reaction of the admixture particles. Calcined gangue and pulverized clay can lead to “gradient hydration effect”. The basalt fiber dispersed in the matrix can provide the “anchoring” effect. XRD analysis shows that the Ca(OH)₂ content of BF-CCG-SCFC increases and then decreases with the increase of the water-cement ratio; when the proportion of calcined gangue and pulverized clay is increased, the intensity of SiO₂ diffraction peaks increases and then decreases; and the height of the AFt peaks increases when the basalt fibers are properly doped. AFt diffraction peak height increased. The image analysis method found that the pore size distribution was uniform when the water-cement ratio was 0.5, and too large or too small a water-cement ratio led to irregular pores. Calcined gangue particles optimized the pore structure, while powdery clay had a greater adverse effect on the pore size of the air holes. Basalt fiber can reduce the porosity of the specimen, and the porosity will increase when the doping is too much.

(4) The numerical simulation results show that the BF-CCG-SCFC filler, as the filling material of the voided area, can significantly control the deformation of the stratum and keep the roadbed highly stable. The burial depth of the extraction zone has a large influence on the settlement and stress of the roadbed. When the burial depth exceeds 35 m, the stability of the voided area is good; in the depth range of 15 m to 25 m, the stability is relatively poor; when the burial depth is only 15 m, the voided area is extremely unstable, and there is a risk of collapse, and the voided area at this depth will significantly increase the vertical displacement of the soil above.

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