新疆属于典型绿洲灌溉农业区，其水资源供需矛盾突出，利用咸水或微咸水进行灌溉已成为当地弥补淡水资源短缺的重要途径之一。但咸水灌溉带来的盐基离子会引起土壤表层聚盐，进而导致土壤结构退化和有机碳（SOC）矿化。团聚体是土壤SOC重要的载体和物理保护机制，探明咸水滴灌棉田土壤碳矿化及其团聚体稳定机制对保持绿洲农业可持续发展具有重要意义。因此，本研究开展两年咸水滴灌棉田定点试验，分别设置四个灌溉水矿化度为CK（0.87 g·L^-1，当地灌溉水矿化度）、T1（3 g·L^-1）、T2（5 g·L^-1）和T3（8 g·L^-1），通过研究咸水滴灌对棉田土壤团聚体稳定性的影响，分析土壤盐基阳离子分布与积累对土壤团聚体的响应，阐明咸水滴灌对团聚体SOC分布与矿化的影响，探究咸水滴灌下土壤团聚体中微生物群落特征变化，解析盐基离子、团聚体、微生物和SOC及碳组分互作关系，以及对棉田土壤呼吸和产量的影响，初步揭示咸水滴灌棉田土壤团聚体SOC稳定机制，为新疆咸水或微咸水高效利用和棉田土壤可持续发展提供重要理论依据。主要研究结果如下：

（1）揭示咸水滴灌下土壤盐基阳离子分布与积累对土壤团聚体的响应

随着咸水滴灌矿化度的增加，土壤表层盐分和pH值显著增加（P < 0.05），土壤SOC、全氮（TN）、全钾（TK）、速效氮（AN）和速效钾（AK）含量呈现降低的趋势，而大团聚体R_0.25、平均重量直径（WMD）和几何平均直径（GMD）呈增加趋势，且均在T2处理最高。咸水滴灌第二年比第一年滴灌WMD和GMD显著降低（P < 0.05），说明了随着咸水滴灌年限的增加棉田土壤稳定性降低。各粒径团聚体中盐基阳离子含量（K⁺、Ca²⁺、Na⁺和Mg²⁺）随着咸水灌溉矿化度的增加呈上升趋势，盐基阳离子含量均在CK处理< 0.25 mm粒径中最低，在T3处理>2 mm粒径中最高。Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺比值在< 0.25 mm 粒径中较高。K⁺含量与团聚体组成显著正相关（P < 0.05），Ca²⁺含量与WMD显著正相关（P < 0.05），盐基阳离子（Ca²⁺和Na⁺）与土壤盐分、pH、速效养分显著相关（P < 0.05）。可见，咸水滴灌下土壤盐基阳离子主要富集在大团聚体中，且随着咸水滴灌矿化度的增加降低了棉田土壤稳定性并导致土壤盐碱增加和主要养分含量降低。

（2）阐明咸水滴灌对棉田土壤团聚体有机碳分布和矿化的影响

随着咸水滴灌矿化度的增加，土壤团聚体中TN、SOC、易氧化有机碳（LOC）含量显著下降，而全碳（TC）、无机碳（SIC）、微生物量碳（MBC）含量显著上升。土壤团聚体中SOC矿化速率随着培养天数增加呈下降趋势，到第7 d趋于稳定在3.64~12.18 mg·(kg∙d)^-1。SOC矿化速率和SOC累积矿化量随着咸水灌溉矿化度的增加显著下降，第7 d时T3处理SOC累积矿化量比CK处理平均降低了33.3%。相对淡水灌溉处理，潜在可矿化碳（Cp）和Cp/SOC主要在咸水灌溉处理较高。TC、TN、SOC、SIC和LOC含量在< 0.25 mm粒径中较高，可矿化碳（MC）和MBC含量在> 2 mm粒径中较高。除> 2 mm粒径，其他粒径团聚体中MC与TN、TC、SIC显著负相关（P < 0.05），与SOC、LOC显著正相关（P < 0.05）。说明了咸水滴灌对棉田土壤团聚体SOC分布和矿化影响显著，明显抑制了土壤团聚体中SOC矿化分解，咸水灌溉处理相对淡水灌溉SOC更不稳定，且< 0.25 mm微团聚体对SOC保护力更强。

（3）探究咸水滴灌对棉田土壤团聚体中微生物群落特征的影响

咸水滴灌降低了土壤真菌多样性，但对细菌多样性影响不显著。土壤粒径对真菌丰富度与细菌多样性影响显著，且在< 0.25 mm微团聚体中较高。土壤细菌和真菌差异群落数随着咸水滴灌矿化度的增加而降低，T3处理比CK处理减少72.73%和52.94%，随着团聚体粒径减少而明显增加，均在< 0.25 mm粒径中较高。随着咸水灌溉矿化度的增加，细菌群落之间互作影响降低但关联物种数增加，真菌群落互作影响不显著但正相关比例增加，在不同团聚体粒径中，细菌和真菌群落共线网络边密度随着粒径降低明显增加，均在< 0.25 mm粒径中较高。RDA分析显示盐基阳离子、SOC及碳组分均对细菌和真菌群落影响显著（P < 0.05），其中SOC、LOC、TC和Na⁺是影响细菌和真菌群落的关键因子。在不同粒径团聚体中，相对细菌群落，盐基阳离子和SOC及碳组分对真菌群落影响更大。基于随机森林模型预测分析，Gp6、链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、类诺卡氏属（Nocardioides）、支顶孢属（Acremonium）与土壤碳密切相关并在咸水滴灌条件土壤碳循环中发挥重要作用。可见，咸水滴灌显著影响土壤团聚体中微生物群落结构组成，降低土壤真菌群落多样性，且团聚体中细菌群落相对真菌群落反映更敏感，在< 0.25 mm微团聚体中聚集更多细菌和真菌物种群落且互作关系更加紧密复杂。

（4）解析咸水滴灌各因素互作关系及对棉田土壤呼吸和产量的影响

棉田土壤呼吸速率和累积CO₂排放量随着咸水滴灌矿化度的增加显著降低，其中T3处理累积CO₂排放量平均比CK处理下降27.79%。棉花的单株成铃数、籽棉产量、根茎叶干物量、灌溉水分利用率和水分利用率均随着咸水滴溉矿化度的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势，在T1处理较高，说明灌溉水矿化度≤ 3 g·L^-1是维持棉田产量和水分利用率的合理阈值。互作分析发现，团聚体稳定性与细菌和真菌丰富度、SOC及碳组分显著正相关（P < 0.05），与Cp/SOC和盐基阳离子显著负相关（P < 0.05）。籽棉产量和水分利用率与真菌丰富度显著负相关，与全碳显著正相关（P < 0.05）。结构方程（SEM）表明咸水滴灌盐基阳离子增加会导致土壤团聚体稳定性和微生物多样性降低，进而影响有机碳及碳组分变化，最终导致棉田碳排放和产量变化。

基于上述结果，得到结论：咸水滴灌改变了棉田土壤团聚体结构和稳定性，团聚体、盐基阳离子和微生物群落之间相互作用并共同影响土壤有机碳稳定性和矿化，其中盐基阳离子是主导因素，团聚体是有机碳和微生物互作中心，微团聚体（< 0.25 mm）对土壤有机碳保护力更强，且微生物物种丰富度及互作关系更加复杂和紧密。灌溉水矿化度≤ 3 g·L^-1是维持棉田产量和土壤稳定的合理阈值，团聚体作为有机碳转化和衡量土壤质量的重要指标，在咸水或者微咸水资源利用和绿洲棉田土壤质量评价中值得更多关注和探索。

Xinjiang is a typical oasis irrigated agricultural region. The supply-demand problem of water resources has become increasingly serious, and irrigation with saline water has become one of the important ways to alleviate the shortage of freshwater resources. Soil aggregates are an important carrier and physical protection mechanism of soil organic carbon (SOC). It is of great significance to explore the soil carbon mineralization and mechanism of aggregate stabilization in saline water drip irrigation in cotton fields for maintaining the sustainable development of oasis agriculture. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in this study and the four irrigation treatments with different degrees of mineralization were: CK (0.87 g·L^-1, local irrigation water concentration), T1 (3 g·L^-1), T2 (5 g·L^-1), and T3 (8 g·L^-1). The research focused on analyzing the impact of saline water drip irrigation on soil aggregate stability, the response of the distribution and accumulation of salt cations to soil aggregate structure, the influence on the distribution and mineralization of soil aggregate-associated SOC, the changes in soil microbial community characteristic in different aggregates fractions among irrigation treatments, and the interrelationships among salt ions, soil aggregates, microorganisms, SOC, and carbon fractions, as well as their impact on carbon emissions and cotton yields. Furthermore, the study revealed the mechanism of aggregate-associated SOC in cotton fields under saline water drip irrigation. The findings provide an important theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of saline water and the sustainable development of cotton fields in Xinjiang. The main findings are as follows:  

(1) Revealing the response of soil salt cation distribution and accumulation to soil aggregates under saline water drip irrigation

With the increase in irrigation water salinity, the EC and pH values significantly increased (P < 0.05). The SOC, total nitrogen (TN), total potassium (TK), available nitrogen (AN), and available potassium (AK) content showed a decreasing trend, while the proportion of aggregates greater than 0.25 mm (R_0.25), mean weight diameter (WMD), and geometric mean diameter (GMD) indicated an increasing trend, with the highest values observed in the T2. In the second year of irrigation, WMD and GMD decreased significantly compared to the first year (P < 0.05), indicating soil stability of the cotton field decreased with the increase of saline water irrigation duration. The content of aggregate-associated salt cations (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, and Mg²⁺) increased with the increase of water salinity, and the lowest content was observed in the < 0.25 mm fraction in the CK, and the highest content observed in the > 2 mm fraction in the T3. The Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺ ratio was higher in the < 0.25 mm fraction. The content of K⁺ content was positively correlated with soil aggregate composition (P < 0.05), and the Ca²⁺ content was positively correlated with WMD (P < 0.05). Salt cations (Ca²⁺, Na⁺) were significantly correlated with soil salt content, pH, and available nutrients (P < 0.05). It can be seen that soil salt cations mainly accumulate in macroaggregates under saline water drip irrigation. Soil stability and nutrients decreased with the increasing irrigation salinity reducing soil stability.

(2) Elucidating the effects of saline water drip irrigation on aggregate-associated SOC distribution and mineralization in cotton field

With increasing salinity of the irrigation water, the TN, SOC, and labile organic carbon (LOC) in soil aggregates significantly decreased. In contrast, the content of total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (SIC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) significantly increased. The SOC mineralization rate in soil aggregates decreased with increasing incubation days, stabilizing at 3.64-12.18 mg·(kg∙d)^-1 by day 7. The SOC mineralization rate and cumulative mineralized SOC significantly decreased with increasing salinity, with the T3 treatment showing an average 33.3% reduction in cumulative mineralized SOC compared to the CK treatment at day 7. Relative to CK, potential mineralizable carbon (Cp) and Cp/SOC were higher under saline water irrigation treatments. The content of TC, TN, SOC, SIC, and LOC was higher in the < 0.25 mm aggregates. In comparison, mineralizable carbon (MC) and MBC content were higher in the > 2 mm fraction. Except for the >2 mm fraction, MC was negatively correlated with TN, TC, and SIC (P < 0.05) and positively correlated with SOC and LOC (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that saline water drip irrigation significantly impacted the distribution and mineralization of SOC in soil aggregates in cotton fields. It conspicuously suppressed the mineralization of SOC in soil aggregates, and the SOC in saline water irrigation treatments was less stable than in freshwater irrigation treatment. Furthermore, the < 0.25 mm aggregates exhibited a stronger protection capacity of SOC.

(3) Clarifying the impact of saline water drip irrigation on microbial community characteristics in soil aggregates

Saline water drip irrigation reduced soil fungal diversity but had no significant effect on bacterial diversity. Soil particle size significantly influenced fungal richness and bacterial diversity, with higher indices in the < 0.25 mm. The number of differentially abundant bacterial and fungal taxa decreased with increasing salinity, with a reduction of 72.73% and 52.94% in the T3 compared to the CK. These differences increased significantly with decreasing aggregate size, with the highest values observed in the < 0.25 mm fraction. With increasing irrigation water salinity, the interactive effects among bacterial communities decreased, but the number of co-occurring species increased. The interactive effects among fungal communities were insignificant, but the proportion of positive associations increased. The density of co-occurrence networks for bacterial and fungal communities increased significantly with decreasing particle size, with the highest values observed in the < 0.25 mm fraction. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that salt cations, SOC, and carbon fractions significantly influenced bacterial and fungal community composition (P < 0.05). Among them, SOC, LOC, TC, and Na⁺ were key factors in shaping bacterial and fungal communities. In soil aggregates, salt cations, SOC and carbon fractions had a greater influence on fungal communities than bacterial communities. Based on random forest modeling, Gp6, Streptomyces, Nocardioides, and Acremonium were identified as important taxa closely associated with soil carbon and playing a significant role in soil carbon cycling under saline water drip irrigation. Overall, saline water drip irrigation significantly impacted the structure and composition of microbial communities in soil aggregates, reducing fungal diversity and showing a greater sensitivity to bacterial communities compared to fungal communities. Bacterial and fungal species communities were abundant and exhibited more complex interactions in the < 0.25 mm fraction.

(4) Analyzing the interrelationships among various factors and their effects on soil respiration and cotton yields under saline water drip irrigation.

The research results showed that soil respiration rate and cumulative CO₂ emissions in cotton fields decreased significantly with increasing irrigation water salinity. The T3 showed an average decrease of 27.79% in cumulative CO₂ emissions compared to the CK. The number of bolls per plant, seed cotton yield, root-shoot dry mass, irrigation water use efficiency, and water use efficiency in cotton plants initially increased and then decreased with increasing salinity concentration in the saline water drip irrigation. The highest values were observed in the T1, indicating that the salinity of irrigation water ≤ 3 g·L^-1 is the reasonable threshold to maintain the yield and water use efficiency of cotton field. Correlation analysis showed significant positive correlations between aggregate stability and bacterial and fungal abundance, SOC, and its component (P < 0.05). Negative correlations were observed between aggregate stability and Cp/SOC, as well as salt cations (P < 0.05). Seed cotton yield and water use efficiency were negatively correlated with fungal abundance and positively correlated with TC (P < 0.05). Structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that increasing salt cation concentration in saline water drip irrigation led to decreased aggregate stability and soil microbial diversity, which subsequently affected changes in organic carbon and carbon fractions, ultimately resulting in variations in carbon emissions and cotton yield.

Together, we can concluded that saline water drip irrigation alters the soil aggregates structure and stability in cotton fields. There are mutual interactions among aggregates, salt cations, and microbial communities, collectively influencing soil organic carbon's stability and mineralization. Salt cations dominate, while aggregates serve as the center for organic carbon and microbial interactions. Microaggregates (< 0.25 mm) exhibit stronger protection of soil organic carbon and host more complex and intricate microbial species abundance and interactions. Irrigation with salinity levels of ≤ 3 g·L^-1 is the reasonable threshold to maintain the yield and soil stability of cotton field in this region. Aggregates, as an important indicator for organic carbon transformation and soil quality assessment, deserve more attention and exploration in the utilization of saline water resources and evaluation of cotton field soil quality in oasis agriculture.

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