随着信息技术的不断发展，当前政务审批系统面临数据存储量激增、敏感信息泄露风险高、篡改行为难追溯等问题，制约了审批服务的实时性与可信性。区块链技术凭借其去中心化、不可篡改和数据透明的特性，为政务审批领域提供了新的解决思路。本文设计一种基于区块链链上链下协同的政务数据可信架构，旨在通过链上链下协同机制，保障审批数据的真实性、完整性和安全性。研究主要内容如下：

（1）针对政务审批数据易被篡改且缺乏可信验证的问题，设计了一种基于区块链链上链下协同的政务数据可信方法，结合分层加密与改进数据结构实现高效验证与隐私保护。根据数据敏感度（公开层、内部层、敏感层）设计分层加密模型，结合密文策略属性基加密（CP-ABE）算法实现动态权限控制。其次，提出改进的 Merkle-Radix-BloomFilter 树（MRBT），通过 Radix 树压缩存储节点、布隆过滤器预筛无效查询，实现高效存储与毫秒级验证。在模拟政务审批场景（10万条数据，1000并发用户数的）下，实验结果表明，本文方法达到99.2%的检测率，哈希匹配率达到99.5%，较四叉 Merkle 树方案分别提升0.3和1.3个百分点，吞吐量超传统区块链方案6倍，有效保障为政务审批数据的可信性。

（2）针对传统 PBFT 共识算法在政务审批场景中存在低效主节点选举、通信开销大及抗恶意攻击能力不足的问题，设计了一种基于动态权益调整机制的分层 PBFT 共识算法。该算法通过节点行为评分机制动态计算权益权重，结合固定周期轮换与异常触发机制，实现主节点的高效选举与恶意节点快速隔离；设计分层验证流程降低通信复杂度。实验表明，在总节点数为50时，改进 PBFT 共识算法吞吐量较 DS-PBFT 提升36.7%，共识延迟降低34%，容错性更优，为政务审批提供了高吞吐、低延迟、强安全的技术支持。

（3）基于上述提出的方案，进行政务审批系统的设计并使 Hyperledger Fabric 实现政务审批系统，系统集成了上述的方法和架构。搭建完整的链下数据库与链上 Hyperledger Fabric 网络环境，并在系统中部署智能合约，支持审批申请提交流程管理、审批状态更新等核心操作，设计用例完成系统测试，为政务审批在大规模场景中的应用提供了可行性和实用价值的佐证。

With the continuous development of information technology, current government approval systems face challenges such as large data storage volumes, cumbersome approval processes, susceptibility to data tampering, and difficulties in quickly verifying data authenticity. These issues severely impact the efficiency and credibility of government approvals. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized, tamper-resistant, and transparent characteristics, offers a new solution for the field of government approval. Based on blockchain technology, this thesis proposes a trustworthy method for government approval data, aiming to ensure the authenticity, integrity, and security of approval data through an on-chain and off-chain collaborative mechanism. The main research contents are as follows:

（1）To address the issue of government approval data being easily tampered with and lacking reliable verification, a blockchain-based method for trustworthy government data is proposed. This method combines on-chain and off-chain collaboration, using layered encryption and an improved data structure to achieve efficient verification and privacy protection. A layered encryption model is designed based on data sensitivity (public layer, internal layer, and sensitive layer), and dynamic access control is implemented using the ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) algorithm. Furthermore, an improved Merkle-Radix-BloomFilter Tree (MRBT) is proposed. It compresses storage nodes through a Radix tree and uses Bloom filters to pre-screen invalid queries, ensuring efficient storage and millisecond-level verification. In a simulated government approval scenario with 100,000 data entries and 1,000 concurrent users, experimental results show that the proposed method achieves a detection rate of 99.2% and a hash match rate of 99.5%, improving by 0.3 and 1.3 percentage points compared to the quaternary Merkle tree solution, respectively. Its throughput is 6 times higher than traditional blockchain solutions, effectively ensuring the trustworthiness of government approval data.

（2）To address the issues of inefficient main node election, large communication overhead, and insufficient resistance to malicious attacks in the traditional PBFT consensus algorithm in government approval scenarios, a layered PBFT consensus algorithm based on a dynamic rights adjustment mechanism is proposed. This algorithm dynamically calculates the rights weight of nodes through a node behavior scoring mechanism, combined with fixed-period rotation and abnormal triggering mechanisms, achieving efficient main node election and rapid isolation of malicious nodes. A layered verification process is designed to reduce communication complexity. Experimental results show that, with 50 total nodes, the improved PBFT consensus algorithm achieves a throughput improvement of 36.7% compared to DS-PBFT, a 34% reduction in consensus delay, and better fault tolerance, providing high throughput, low latency, and strong security for government approval.

(3) Based on the above proposed solution, a government approval system is designed and implemented using Hyperledger Fabric. The system integrates the methods and architecture mentioned above. A complete off-chain database and on-chain Hyperledger Fabric network environment are built, and smart contracts are deployed in the system to support core operations such as approval application submission management and approval status updates. Test cases are designed to complete system testing, providing feasibility and practical value for the application of government approval in large-scale scenarios.

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